表情時出現紋路的位置,預測了 8 年後不做表情時固定下來的皺紋;其他因素影響的是速度。8 年追蹤研究,122 位女性。Hillebrand GG, Liang Z, Yan X, Yoshii T. New wrinkles on wrinkling: an 8-year longitudinal study on the progression of expression lines into persistent wrinkles. The British journal of dermatology. 2010;162(6):1233-41. PMID 20184587
兩性的眉間紋在 40 歲以前臨床上都還看不到。橫斷面研究,200 位 20 至 70 歲男女,3D 量測。Luebberding S, Krueger N, Kerscher M. Quantification of age-related facial wrinkles in men and women using a three-dimensional fringe projection method and validated assessment scales. Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.]. 2014;40(1):22-32. PMID 24267416
真皮彈力纖維的退化在 40 歲之後變得明顯,並與回彈力下降、皺紋增加相關。小型觀察研究,35 位 25 至 66 歲女性。Kondo S, Ozawa N, Sakurai T. The effect of degeneration of elastic fibres on loss of elasticity and wrinkle formation. International journal of cosmetic science. 2025;47(1):205-212. PMID 39258399
皺眉肌經由皮下的纖維隔間直接把收縮力傳到皮膚。屍體顯微斷層研究,16 側。Sun Y, Zhang M, Zhang Y, et al. Deciphering the Refined Musculature of the Brow Area in Asians by Micro-Computed Tomography. Aesthetic surgery journal. 2025;45(3):286-292. PMID 39491514
皺褶處的真皮與底下肌肉之間有立體的纖維結構,靠近皺褶的地方特別密。屍體解剖研究,5 具。Takaya K, Sakamoto Y, Noji S, Imanishi N, Kishi K. Three-dimensional adipofascial and dermal structures involved in forehead crease formation. Clinical anatomy (New York, N.Y.). 2024;37(3):321-328. PMID 37732501
五種眉間收縮型態之間,肌肉的大小沒有統計上的差異;性別的影響最大。MRI 橫斷面研究,34 位年輕成人。人數少,未達顯著不代表確定沒有差異。Rams DJ, Koziej M, Green JB, et al. The Relationship Between Glabellar Contraction Patterns and Glabellar Muscle Anatomy: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging-based Study. Aesthetic surgery journal. 2024;45(1):NP8-NP15. PMID 39351911
單次肉毒讓鼻根肌體積減少 46%–48% 並維持 12 個月,紋路在 6 到 10 個月回到施打前。MRI 小型個案系列,僅 2 人施打。Koerte IK, Schroeder AS, Fietzek UM, et al. Muscle atrophy beyond the clinical effect after a single dose of OnabotulinumtoxinA injected in the procerus muscle: a study with magnetic resonance imaging. Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.]. 2013;39(5):761-5. PMID 23379599
肌肉張力在低強度時,健康人和病人都很難準確分辨。對照實驗,60 人。Flor H, Fürst M, Birbaumer N. Deficient discrimination of EMG levels and overestimation of perceived tension in chronic pain patients. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback. 1999;24(1):55-66. PMID 10553483
自評的額頭緊繃程度,與實際量到的額肌肌電沒有相關。實驗研究,20 位健康成人。Taylor DN, Lee CT. Lack of correlation between frontalis electromyography and self-ratings of either frontalis tension or state anxiety. Perceptual and motor skills. 1991;72(3 Pt 2):1131-4. PMID 1961662
壓抑表情讓臉部動作減少,主觀感受不變,交感神經反應上升。實驗研究,85 人。Gross JJ, Levenson RW. Emotional suppression: physiology, self-report, and expressive behavior. Journal of personality and social psychology. 1993;64(6):970-86. PMID 8326473
皺眉肌的肌電活動隨負面情緒增加而上升,反應比笑肌更線性。實驗研究。Larsen JT, Norris CJ, Cacioppo JT. Effects of positive and negative affect on electromyographic activity over zygomaticus major and corrugator supercilii. Psychophysiology. 2003;40(5):776-85. PMID 14696731
持續用腦時,皺眉肌等臉部肌電逐步上升,可作為用力程度的指標。實驗研究。Van Boxtel A, Jessurun M. Amplitude and bilateral coherency of facial and jaw-elevator EMG activity as an index of effort during a two-choice serial reaction task. Psychophysiology. 1993;30(6):589-604. PMID 8248451
聽到令人困惑的內容時,24 人中有 21 人的臉部肌電出現反應,包括自己沒承認困惑的人。實驗研究,24 人。Durso FT, Geldbach KM, Corballis P. Detecting confusion using facial electromyography. Human factors. 2012;54(1):60-9. PMID 22409103
疼痛時一致出現的臉部動作包含皺眉(眉毛下壓)。系統性回顧,37 篇研究。Kunz M, Meixner D, Lautenbacher S. Facial muscle movements encoding pain-a systematic review. Pain. 2019;160(3):535-549. PMID 30335682
把多個研究攤在一起看,表情與它預期對應的情緒同時出現的程度偏低。統合分析。Durán JI, Fernández-Dols JM. Do emotions result in their predicted facial expressions? A meta-analysis of studies on the co-occurrence of expression and emotion. Emotion (Washington, D.C.). 2021;21(7):1550-1569. PMID 34780241
停掉皺眉肌後,觀察者讀出的生氣減少 40%、恐懼減少 49%、悲傷只減少 10%,快樂增加。前後對照研究,觀察者評分。Heckmann M, Teichmann B, Schröder U, Sprengelmeyer R, Ceballos-Baumann AO. Pharmacologic denervation of frown muscles enhances baseline expression of happiness and decreases baseline expression of anger, sadness, and fear. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003;49(2):213-6. PMID 12894067
回顧表情與情緒的對應證據;文中整理悲傷的典型組合為眉頭內側上抬、皺眉、嘴角下拉。大型回顧。Barrett LF, Adolphs R, Marsella S, Martinez AM, Pollak SD. Emotional Expressions Reconsidered: Challenges to Inferring Emotion From Human Facial Movements. Psychological science in the public interest : a journal of the American Psychological Society. 2019;20(1):1-68. PMID 31313636
有皺紋的中性臉被讀出較多負面情緒。線上實驗,353 人。Hess U, Huppertz D, Mauersberger H, Kastendieck T. Wrinkles are neither beautiful nor nice: The effect of facial wrinkles on person perception and interpersonal closeness. Acta psychologica. 2023;241:104077. PMID 37951012
年長者的中性臉在客觀分析與旁人判讀上,都帶有較多像負面情緒的線索。三個研究。Albohn DN, Adams RB Jr. Everyday Beliefs About Emotion Perceptually Derived From Neutral Facial Appearance. Frontiers in psychology. 2020;11:264. PMID 32180750
91 位成人中 89 位睡眠中出現皺眉,集中在快速動眼期;健康人的皺眉多為單純收縮,與夢境情緒的關係未定。睡眠錄影與肌電研究,91 人。Maranci JB, Aussel A, Vidailhet M, Arnulf I. Grumpy face during adult sleep: A clue to negative emotion during sleep?. Journal of sleep research. 2021;30(6):e13369. PMID 33928717
眼角收縮(魚尾紋)讓笑與悲傷的表情都被讀得更強烈、更真誠。實驗研究。Malek N, Messinger D, Gao AYL, et al. Generalizing Duchenne to sad expressions with binocular rivalry and perception ratings. Emotion (Washington, D.C.). 2019;19(2):234-241. PMID 29888933